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1 Bessemer process
(the) subst. \/ˈbesəməˈprəʊses\/( metode for å fremstille stål fra råjern) bessemerprosess(en) -
2 process
/process/ * danh từ - quá trình, sự tiến triển =the process of economic rehabilitation+ quá trình khôi phục kinh tế - sự tiến hành =in process of construction+ đang tiến hành xây dựng - phương pháp, cách thức (sản xuất, chế biến) =the Bessemer process of making steel+ phương pháp sản xuất thép Be-xơ-me - (pháp lý) việc tố tụng; trát đòi, lệnh gọi của toà án - (sinh vật học) u lồi, bướu (ở cây cối, thân súc vật) - (ngành in) phép in ximili (in ảnh), phép in ảnh chấm * ngoại động từ - chế biến gia công (theo một phương pháp) - kiện (ai) - in ximili (ảnh, tranh) * nội động từ - (thông tục) diễu hành, đi thành đoàn, đi thành đám rước -
3 process
'prəuses, ]( American) 'pro-
1. noun1) (a method or way of manufacturing things: We are using a new process to make glass.) proceso2) (a series of events that produce change or development: The process of growing up can be difficult for a child; the digestive processes.) proceso3) (a course of action undertaken: Carrying him down the mountain was a slow process.) operación
2. verb(to deal with (something) by the appropriate process: Have your photographs been processed?; The information is being processed by computer.) (fotografías) revelar; procesar, tratar- in the process of
process n procesotr['prəʊses]1 (set of actions, changes) proceso2 (method) procedimiento, proceso1 (raw material, food) procesar, tratar; (film) revelar2 (deal with) ocuparse de, tramitar3 SMALLCOMPUTING/SMALL procesar, tratar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLin process en cursoin the process (as a result) con ello■ she won the race, but pulled a muscle in the process ganó la carrera, pero con ello se hizo un tirónin the process of time con el tiempoto be in the process of doing something estar en vías de hacer algo, estar haciendo algo————————tr[prə'ses]1 (gen) desfilar2 SMALLRELIGION/SMALL ir en procesiónprocess ['prɑ.sɛs, 'pro:-] vt: procesar, tratar1) : proceso mthe process of elimination: el proceso de eliminación2) method: proceso m, método mmanufacturing processes: procesos industriales3) : acción f judicialdue process of law: el debido proceso (de la ley)4) summons: citación f5) projection: protuberancia f (anatómica)6)in the process of : en vías dein the process of repair: en reparacionesn.(§ pl.: processes) = expediente s.m.• procedimiento s.m.• proceso s.m.v.• beneficiar v.• elaborar v.• preparar v.• procesar v.• tratar v.'prɑːses, 'prəʊ-, 'prəʊses
I
1)a) (series of actions, changes) proceso mthe peace process — (journ) el proceso de paz
in process — (AmE) en construcción
b) ( method) proceso m, procedimiento m2)a) ( proceedings) (frml) acción f judicialb) ( writ) demanda f
II
1.
a) \<\<raw materials/waste\>\> procesar, tratar; \<\<film\>\> revelarb) \<\<applications\>\> dar* curso a, procesar; \<\<order\>\> tramitarc) \<\<data\>\> procesar
2.
I ['prǝʊses]1. N1) (=series of developments) proceso m•
the ageing process — el envejecimiento•
I got what I wanted but made a lot of enemies in the process — conseguí lo que quería pero a costa de crearme muchos enemigosdue 1., 3), elimination 1.•
in the process of, it is in (the) process of construction — está en (vías de) construcción2) (=specific method) proceso m, procedimiento m3) (Jur) (=action) proceso m ; (=summons) citación f•
to bring a process against sb — demandar a algn•
to serve a process on sb — notificar una citación a algn4) (Anat, Bot, Zool) protuberancia f2. VT1) (=treat) [+ raw materials] procesar; [+ food] (industrially) procesar, tratar; (with food processor) pasar por el robot de cocina•
to process sth into sth — procesar algo para convertirlo en algo2) (=deal with) [+ application, claim, order] tramitar; [+ applicants] atender3) (Comput) procesar4) (Phot) revelar3.CPDprocess cheese N — (US) queso m fundido
process server N — agente mf judicial
II
[prǝ'ses]VI (Brit) frm (=go in procession) desfilar; (Rel) ir en procesión* * *['prɑːses, 'prəʊ-, 'prəʊses]
I
1)a) (series of actions, changes) proceso mthe peace process — (journ) el proceso de paz
in process — (AmE) en construcción
b) ( method) proceso m, procedimiento m2)a) ( proceedings) (frml) acción f judicialb) ( writ) demanda f
II
1.
a) \<\<raw materials/waste\>\> procesar, tratar; \<\<film\>\> revelarb) \<\<applications\>\> dar* curso a, procesar; \<\<order\>\> tramitarc) \<\<data\>\> procesar
2.
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4 process ***** pro·cess
I ['prəʊsɛs]1. n1) processoin the process of restoring the picture he discovered... — stava restaurando il quadro quando ha scoperto...
we are in the process of moving to... — stiamo per trasferirci a...
2) (specific method) procedimento, sistema m, metodo3) (Law: action) processo, (summons) mandato di comparizione, citazione f in giudizio2. vtII [prə'sɛs] vi Brit(frm: go in procession) sfilare, procedere in corteo -
5 bessemer
(Russian) bessemer protsessa the Bessemer process. bessemer konverteri Bessemer converter. bessemer po’lati Bessemer steel -
6 Bessemer, Sir Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 19 January 1813 Charlton (near Hitchin), Hertfordshire, Englandd. 15 January 1898 Denmark Hill, London, England[br]English inventor of the Bessemer steelmaking process.[br]The most valuable part of Bessemer's education took place in the workshop of his inventor father. At the age of only 17 he went to London to seek his fortune and set himself up in the trade of casting art works in white metal. He went on to the embossing of metals and other materials and this led to his first major invention, whereby a date was incorporated in the die for embossing seals, thus preventing the wholesale forgeries that had previously been committed. For this, a grateful Government promised Bessemer a paid position, a promise that was never kept; recognition came only in 1879 with a belated knighthood. Bessemer turned to other inventions, mainly in metalworking, including a process for making bronze powder and gold paint. After he had overcome technical problems, the process became highly profitable, earning him a considerable income during the forty years it was in use.The Crimean War presented inventors such as Bessemer with a challenge when weaknesses in the iron used to make the cannon became apparent. In 1856, at his Baxter House premises in St Paneras, London, he tried fusing cast iron with steel. Noticing the effect of an air current on the molten mixture, he constructed a reaction vessel or converter in which air was blown through molten cast iron. There was a vigorous reaction which nearly burned the house down, and Bessemer found the iron to be almost completely decarburized, without the slag threads always present in wrought iron. Bessemer had in fact invented not only a new process but a new material, mild steel. His paper "On the manufacture of malleable iron and steel without fuel" at the British Association meeting in Cheltenham later that year created a stir. Bessemer was courted by ironmasters to license the process. However, success was short-lived, for they found that phosphorus in the original iron ore passed into the metal and rendered it useless. By chance, Bessemer had used in his trials pig-iron, derived from haematite, a phosphorus-free ore. Bessemer tried hard to overcome the problem, but lacking chemical knowledge he resigned himself to limiting his process to this kind of pig-iron. This limitation was removed in 1879 by Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, who substituted a chemically basic lining in the converter in place of the acid lining used by Bessemer. This reacted with the phosphorus to form a substance that could be tapped off with the slag, leaving the steel free from this harmful element. Even so, the new material had begun to be applied in engineering, especially for railways. The open-hearth process developed by Siemens and the Martin brothers complemented rather than competed with Bessemer steel. The widespread use of the two processes had a revolutionary effect on mechanical and structural engineering and earned Bessemer around £1 million in royalties before the patents expired.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1879. FRS 1879. Royal Society of Arts Albert Gold Medal 1872.Bibliography1905, Sir Henry Bessemer FRS: An Autobiography, London.LRD -
7 process
1) процесс
2) обработать
3) перерабатывать
4) движение
5) течение
6) прием
7) способ
8) обрабатывать
9) процедура
10) технологический
11) обрабатывающий
12) вычислительный
– activate a process
– additive process
– adiabatic process
– adjoint process
– aluninography process
– anaerobic process
– auxiliary process
– averaging process
– batch process
– Bessemer process
– bloomery process
– branching process
– commercialize a process
– computational process
– continuous process
– controlled process
– converter process
– correlated process
– counter-flow process
– Crouse process
– cupola process
– decision process
– denumerable process
– destroy a process
– deterministic process
– diagonal process
– diffusion process
– doping process
– dry-press process
– EFG process
– emigration process
– endothermic process
– equally-correlated process
– equilibrium process
– ergodic process
– exhaustion process
– exothermic process
– explosive process
– fit process adequately
– hereditary process
– ideal process
– immigration process
– implement process
– input process
– install process
– inverse process
– irreversible process
– isentropic process
– isobaric process
– isochoric process
– isothermal process
– iterative process
– Kroll process
– limit process
– Markov process
– martingale process
– Moebius process
– non-steady process
– nonequilibrium process
– nonpreemptive process
– open-hearth process
– optimal process
– Orbach process
– oxidizing process
– path of a process
– periodic process
– pig-and-ore process
– preemptive process
– probabilistic process
– process acid
– process camera
– process chart
– process condensate
– process data
– process design
– process engineering
– process feed
– process film
– process gas
– process information
– process installation
– process interface
– process liquid
– process liquor
– process load
– process occurs
– process of exhaustion
– process oil
– process oxygen
– process runs
– process steam
– process the rubber
– process variable
– process water
– production process
– random process
– rate process
– reduction process
– regular process
– repetitive process
– reproduce process
– reverberatory process
– reversible process
– rotor process
– sequential process
– soft-mud process
– stationary process
– steady-state process
– steel-making process
– stencil process
– stochastic process
– transient process
– transport process
– umklapp process
– unit process
– unsteady process
– welding process
– Wohlwill process
– xiphoid process
birth and death process — <math.> процесс рождения и гибели
chromizing by powder process — твердое диффузионное хромирование
disturbed harmonic process — возмущенный гармонический процесс
drawn-gate CMOS process — технология КМОП-схем с удлиненными затворами
realization of random process — реализация случайного процесса
strictly stationary process — стационарный в узком смысле процесс
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8 Siemens, Sir Charles William
[br]b. 4 April 1823 Lenthe, Germanyd. 19 November 1883 London, England[br]German/British metallurgist and inventory pioneer of the regenerative principle and open-hearth steelmaking.[br]Born Carl Wilhelm, he attended craft schools in Lübeck and Magdeburg, followed by an intensive course in natural science at Göttingen as a pupil of Weber. At the age of 19 Siemens travelled to England and sold an electroplating process developed by his brother Werner Siemens to Richard Elkington, who was already established in the plating business. From 1843 to 1844 he obtained practical experience in the Magdeburg works of Count Stolburg. He settled in England in 1844 and later assumed British nationality, but maintained close contact with his brother Werner, who in 1847 had co-founded the firm Siemens \& Halske in Berlin to manufacture telegraphic equipment. William began to develop his regenerative principle of waste-heat recovery and in 1856 his brother Frederick (1826–1904) took out a British patent for heat regeneration, by which hot waste gases were passed through a honeycomb of fire-bricks. When they became hot, the gases were switched to a second mass of fire-bricks and incoming air and fuel gas were led through the hot bricks. By alternating the two gas flows, high temperatures could be reached and considerable fuel economies achieved. By 1861 the two brothers had incorporated producer gas fuel, made by gasifying low-grade coal.Heat regeneration was first applied in ironmaking by Cowper in 1857 for heating the air blast in blast furnaces. The first regenerative furnace was set up in Birmingham in 1860 for glassmaking. The first such furnace for making steel was developed in France by Pierre Martin and his father, Emile, in 1863. Siemens found British steelmakers reluctant to adopt the principle so in 1866 he rented a small works in Birmingham to develop his open-hearth steelmaking furnace, which he patented the following year. The process gradually made headway; as well as achieving high temperatures and saving fuel, it was slower than Bessemer's process, permitting greater control over the content of the steel. By 1900 the tonnage of open-hearth steel exceeded that produced by the Bessemer process.In 1872 Siemens played a major part in founding the Society of Telegraph Engineers (from which the Institution of Electrical Engineers evolved), serving as its first President. He became President for the second time in 1878. He built a cable works at Charlton, London, where the cable could be loaded directly into the holds of ships moored on the Thames. In 1873, together with William Froude, a British shipbuilder, he designed the Faraday, the first specialized vessel for Atlantic cable laying. The successful laying of a cable from Europe to the United States was completed in 1875, and a further five transatlantic cables were laid by the Faraday over the following decade.The Siemens factory in Charlton also supplied equipment for some of the earliest electric-lighting installations in London, including the British Museum in 1879 and the Savoy Theatre in 1882, the first theatre in Britain to be fully illuminated by electricity. The pioneer electric-tramway system of 1883 at Portrush, Northern Ireland, was an opportunity for the Siemens company to demonstrate its equipment.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1883. FRS 1862. Institution of Civil Engineers Telford Medal 1853. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1872. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers 1872 and 1878. President, British Association 1882.Bibliography27 May 1879, British patent no. 2,110 (electricarc furnace).1889, The Scientific Works of C.William Siemens, ed. E.F.Bamber, 3 vols, London.Further ReadingW.Poles, 1888, Life of Sir William Siemens, London; repub. 1986 (compiled from material supplied by the family).S.von Weiher, 1972–3, "The Siemens brothers. Pioneers of the electrical age in Europe", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45:1–11 (a short, authoritative biography). S.von Weihr and H.Goetler, 1983, The Siemens Company. Its Historical Role in theProgress of Electrical Engineering 1847–1980, English edn, Berlin (a scholarly account with emphasis on technology).GWBiographical history of technology > Siemens, Sir Charles William
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9 бессемерование
1. с. the Bessemer process; conversion by the Bessemer process2. с. bessemerizing -
10 бессемерование
converting, bessemerizing* * *бессеме́рование с.1. ( в производстве стали) the (acid) Bessemer process; conversion (of iron) by the Bessemer process2. ( в производстве меди) bessemerizing [conversion] (of copper-matte)ма́лое бессеме́рование — side-blown converter process, side-blown converting* * * -
11 Hall, Joseph
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1789d. 1862[br]English ironmaker who invented the wet puddling process.[br]Hall was a practical man with no theoretical background: his active years were spent at Bloomfield Ironworks, Tipton, Staffordshire. Around 1816 he began experimenting in the production of wrought iron. At that time, blast-furnace or cast iron was converted to wrought iron by the dry puddling process invented by Henry Cort in 1784. In this process, the iron was decarburized (i.e. had its carbon removed) by heating it in a current of air in a furnace with a sand bed. Some of the iron combined with the silica in the sand to form a slag, however, so that no less than 2 tons of cast iron were needed to produce 1 ton of wrought. Hall found that if bosh cinder was charged into the furnace, a vigorous reaction occurred in which the cast iron was converted much more quickly than before, to produce better quality wrought iron, a ton of which could be formed by no more than 21 cwt (1,067 kg) of cast iron. Because of the boiling action, the process came to be known as pig boiling. Bosh cinder, essentially iron oxide, was formed in the water troughs or boshes in which workers cooled their tools used in puddling and reacted with the carbon in the cast iron. The advantages of pig boiling over dry puddling were striking enough for the process to be widely used by the late 1820s. By mid-century it was virtually the only process used for producing wrought iron, an essential material for mechanical and civil engineering during the Industrial Revolution. Hall reckoned that if he had patented his invention he would have "made a million". As luck would have it, the process that he did patent in 1838 left his finances unchanged: this was for the roasting of cinder for use as the base of the puddling furnace, providing better protection than the bosh cinder for the iron plates that formed the base.[br]Bibliography1857, The Iron Question Considered in Connection with Theory, Practice and Experience with Special Reference to the Bessemer Process, London.Further ReadingJ.Percy, 1864, Metallurgy. Iron and Steel, London, pp. 670 ff. W.K.V.Gale, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, pp. 46–50.LRD -
12 הנרי בסימר
Henry Bessemer (1813-1898), English engineer, developer of the Bessemer process (process of producing steel) -
13 bessemerlash
treatment with the Bessemer process -
14 процесс
operation, making, procedure, process* * *проце́сс м.
processоформля́ть проце́сс аппарату́рно — implement [instrument, mechanize] a processпроце́сс происхо́дит — a process occursпроце́сс протека́ет … — a process runs …реализова́ть проце́сс — implement a process; вчт., киб. instrument [mechanize] a processаддити́вный проце́сс — additive processадиабати́ческий проце́сс — adiabatic processаммиа́чно-со́довый проце́сс — Solvay processпроце́сс Ая́кс [Ая́кс-проце́сс] ( разновидность мартеновского процесса) — Ajax processбездо́менный проце́сс — direct ore-reduction processбессеме́ровский проце́сс — Bessemer processвагра́ночный проце́сс — cupola processвероя́тностный проце́сс — probabilistic processветвя́щийся проце́сс — branching processвосстанови́тельный проце́сс — reduction processпроце́сс выра́щивания криста́ллов, эпитаксиа́льный — epitaxial(-growth) processвычисли́тельный проце́сс — computational processпроце́сс гальванопокры́тия, щелочно́й — alkaline plating processдо́менный проце́сс — blast-furnace processидеа́льный проце́сс — ideal processизобари́ческий проце́сс — isobaric [constant-pressure] processизотерми́ческий проце́сс — isothermal [constant-temperature] processизохори́ческий проце́сс — isochoric [constant-volume] processизоэнтропи́ческий проце́сс — isentropic processитерацио́нный проце́сс вчт. — iterative processквазистациона́рный проце́сс — quasi-stationary processкинети́ческий проце́сс — rate processкислоро́дно-конве́ртерный проце́сс — basic oxygen [oxygen-converter] processконве́ртерный проце́сс — converter processконкури́рующие проце́ссы — competitive processesма́рковский проце́сс мат. — Markov(ian) processмарте́новский проце́сс — open-hearth processмарте́новский, ки́слый проце́сс — acid open-hearth processмарте́новский, основно́й проце́сс — basic open-hearth processмодели́руемый проце́сс — prototype processнеобрати́мый проце́сс — irreversible processнепреры́вный проце́сс — continuous processнеравнове́сный проце́сс — nonequilibrium processнестациона́рный проце́сс — non-steady processнеустанови́вшийся проце́сс — unsteady-state processобжига́тельно-восстанови́тельный проце́сс — roasting reduction processобрати́мый проце́сс — reversible processобра́тный проце́сс — inverse processокисли́тельно-восстанови́тельный проце́сс — redox processокисли́тельный проце́сс — oxidizing processпроце́сс ОЛП — OLP converter process (oxygen-lime-powder)оптима́льный проце́сс — optimal processпроце́сс перено́са — transport [transfer] processперехо́дный проце́сс — transient (process)по́сле оконча́ния перехо́дных проце́ссов … — after all transients have died out …периоди́ческий проце́сс — periodic processпроце́сс пла́вки с наво́дкой одного́ шла́ка — single-slag processпозити́вный проце́сс кфт. — positive processполитропи́ческий проце́сс — polytropic processпоследуби́льные проце́ссы — post tanningпроце́сс произво́дства — production processпроце́сс произво́дства ста́ли — steel-making processпроце́сс пряде́ния, непреры́вный — continuous spinning processравнове́сный проце́сс — equilibrium processрегули́руемый проце́сс — controlled processрегуля́рный проце́сс — regular processро́торный проце́сс ( в производстве стали) — rotor processру́дный проце́сс — pig-and-ore processпроце́сс сгора́ния — combustion (process)случа́йный проце́сс — random processстациона́рный проце́сс — stationary processстохасти́ческий проце́сс — stochastic processтехнологи́ческий проце́сс — хим. process; маш. manufacturing [production] methodвнедря́ть технологи́ческий проце́сс — bring in a new processтехнологи́ческий проце́сс ведё́тся [осуществля́ется] с центра́льного пу́льта — the process is run from a central control roomтехнологи́ческий, непреры́вный проце́сс — continuous processтехнологи́ческий, периоди́ческий проце́сс — batch processтипово́й проце́сс хим. — unit processтома́совский проце́сс — basic Bessemer processуправля́емый проце́сс — controlled processпроце́сс усредне́ния — averaging (process)установи́вшийся проце́сс — steady-state processциркуляцио́нный проце́сс хим. — a process with (a) recycleэкзотерми́ческий проце́сс — exothermic [exoergic] processзкзоэнергети́ческий проце́сс — exothermic [exoergic] processэндотерми́ческий проце́сс — endothermic [endoergic] processэргоди́ческий проце́сс мат. — ergodic process -
15 процесс
м. processпроцесс протекает … — a process runs …
после окончания переходных процессов … — after all transients have died out …
технологический процесс — process; manufacturing method
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16 Martin, Pierre Emile
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 18 August 1824 Bourges, Franced. 23 May 1915 Fourchambault, France[br]French metallurgist, pioneer of open-hearth steelmaking.[br]His father Emile owned an iron-and steelworks at Sireuil, near Angoulême, and, through this, Pierre became interested in improving the steelmaking process. In England, C.W. Siemens had developed the regenerative principle of waste-heat recovery that produced a much higher furnace temperature. In 1863, the Martins applied this process in an open-hearth furnace built under licence from Siemens, with the aid of his engineers. They melted a mixture of pig-and wrought iron to produce steel with the required carbon content. Martin exhibited the product at the Paris Exhibition of 1867 and was awarded a gold medal. The open-hearth process was for a long time known as the Siemens-Martin process, but Martin did not share in the profits which others gained from its successful adoption. He had difficulty in obtaining patent rights as it was claimed that the principles of the process were already known and in use. The costs of litigation brought Martin to the brink of poverty, from which relief came only late in life, when in 1907 the Comité des Forges de France opened a subscription for him that was generously supported. A week before his death, the Iron and Steel Institute of London bestowed on him their Bessemer gold medal.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsIron and Steel Institute Bessemer Gold Medal 1915.Further ReadingObituary, 1915, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 91:466.LRD -
17 Mushet, Robert Forester
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 8 April 1811 Coleford, Gloucestershire, Englandd. 19 January 1891 Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England[br]English steelmaker who invented the first alloy steel.[br]Mushet acquired his metallurgical knowledge in his father's ironworks at Coleford in the Forest of Dean. In 1848 his attention seems to have been drawn to the use of manganese in ironworking, in the form of spiegeleisen, an alloy of iron and manganese derived from a Prussian iron ore consisting essentially of a double carbonate of iron and manganese. This alloy came into its own in 1856 with the invention of the Bessemer steelmaking process, for Mushet found that if molten spiegeleisen was added to the Bessemer iron the quality of the product was greatly improved. Mushet patented this process, but when he failed to pay the stamp duty due in 1859 his rights lapsed. Bessemer independently discovered the use of spiegeleisen, although Mushet continued to maintain his priority.Mushet's most important discovery was that of tungsten steel, the forerunner of a long line of alloy steels. While working a small crucible steelworks at Coleford, he was asked by a Scottish manufacturer to make a hard-metal tool, but he found that the metal was unsatisfactory. After experiments, he found that an alloy steel containing about 8 per cent tungsten possessed remarkable properties. It proved to be self-hardening, i.e. after forging and being allowed to cool, it was found to have become hardened, without the need for the heat treatment that was normally required. Also, unlike other hardened steels, it did not lose its hardness when heated even to dull-red heat. It would thus remain hard in a cutting tool that had run hot through deep cutting. Mushet's tungsten steel was brought into use in 1868 and was of great benefit to engineers, who were making increasing demands on cutting machines.[br]Further ReadingBiographical notice, 1878, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute: 1–4.LRDBiographical history of technology > Mushet, Robert Forester
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18 Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 16 April 1850 London, Englandd. 1 February 1885 Paris, France[br]English inventor of basic steelmaking.[br]Thomas was educated at Dulwich College and from the age of 17, for the next twelve years, he made his living as a police-court clerk, although he studied chemistry in his spare time as an evening student at Birkbeck College, London. While there, he heard of the difficulties encountered by the Bessemer steelmaking process, which at that time was limited to using phosphorus-free iron. Any of this element present in the iron was oxidized to phosphoric acid, which would not react with the acidic lining in the converter, with the result that it would remain in the iron and render it too brittle to use. Unfortunately, phosphoric iron ores are more common than those free of this harmful element. Thomas was attracted by the view that a fortune awaited anyone who could solve this problem, and was not discouraged by the failure of several august figures in the industry, including Siemens and Lowthian Bell.Thomas's knowledge of chemistry taught him that whereas an acidic lining allowed the phosphorus to remain in the iron, a basic lining would react with it to form part of the slag, which could then be tapped off. His experiments to find a suitable material were conducted in difficult conditions, in his spare time with meagre apparatus. Finally he found that a converter lined with dolomite, a form of limestone, would succeed, and he appealed to his cousin Percy Carlyle Gilchrist, Chemist at the Blaenavon Ironworks in Monmouthshire, for help in carrying out pilot-scale trials. In 1879 he gave up his police-court job to devote himself to the work, and in the same year they patented the Thomas- Gilchrist process. The first licence to use it was granted to Bolckow, Vaughan \& Co. of Middlesborough, and there the first steel was made in a basic Bessemer converter on 4 April 1879. The process was rapidly taken up and spread widely in Europe and beyond and was applied to other furnaces. Thomas made a fortune, but his health did not long allow him to enjoy it, for he died at the early age of 34.[br]BibliographyL.G.Thompson, 1940, Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, an Invention and Its Consequences, London: Faber.T.G.Davies, 1978, Blaenavon and Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, Sheffield: Historical Metallurgy Society.LRDBiographical history of technology > Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist
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19 процесс
муж.
1) process бессемеровский процесс ≈ Bessemer process
2) юр. trial;
legal proceedings мн.;
legal action;
cause, case;
lawsuit, suit
3) мед. active conditionм.
1. (ход развития чего-л.) process;
в ~е развития in the process of development;
химический ~ chemical process;
в ~е игры in the course of the game;
2. мед.: ~ в лёгких tuberculosis of the lungs;
3. юр. legal proceedings pl. ;
(судебное дело) case;
гражданский ~ lawsuit, suit;
уголовный ~ (criminal) trial;
начать судебный ~ против кого-л. bring*/enter an action against smb., institute proceedings against smb., sue smb. -
20 Riley, James
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1840 Halifax, Englandd. 15 July 1910 Harrogate, England[br]English steelmaker who promoted the manufacture of low-carbon bulk steel by the open-hearth process for tin plate and shipbuilding; pioneer of nickel steels.[br]After working as a millwright in Halifax, Riley found employment at the Ormesby Ironworks in Middlesbrough until, in 1869, he became manager of the Askam Ironworks in Cumberland. Three years later, in 1872, he was appointed Blast-furnace Manager at the pioneering Siemens Steel Company's works at Landore, near Swansea in South Wales. Using Spanish ore, he produced the manganese-rich iron (spiegeleisen) required as an additive to make satisfactory steel. Riley was promoted in 1874 to be General Manager at Landore, and he worked with William Siemens to develop the use of the latter's regenerative furnace for the production of open-hearth steel. He persuaded Welsh makers of tin plate to use sheets rolled from lowcarbon (mild) steel instead of from charcoal iron and, partly by publishing some test results, he was instrumental in influencing the Admiralty to build two naval vessels of mild steel, the Mercury and the Iris.In 1878 Riley moved north on his appointment as General Manager of the Steel Company of Scotland, a firm closely associated with Charles Tennant that was formed in 1872 to make steel by the Siemens process. Already by 1878, fourteen Siemens melting furnaces had been erected, and in that year 42,000 long tons of ingots were produced at the company's Hallside (Newton) Works, situated 8 km (5 miles) south-east of Glasgow. Under Riley's leadership, steelmaking in open-hearth furnaces was initiated at a second plant situated at Blochairn. Plates and sections for all aspects of shipbuilding, including boilers, formed the main products; the company also supplied the greater part of the steel for the Forth (Railway) Bridge. Riley was associated with technical modifications which improved the performance of steelmaking furnaces using Siemens's principles. He built a gasfired cupola for melting pig-iron, and constructed the first British "universal" plate mill using three-high rolls (Lauth mill).At the request of French interests, Riley investigated the properties of steels containing various proportions of nickel; the report that he read before the Iron and Steel Institute in 1889 successfully brought to the notice of potential users the greatly enhanced strength that nickel could impart and its ability to yield alloys possessing substantially lower corrodibility.The Steel Company of Scotland paid dividends in the years to 1890, but then came a lean period. In 1895, at the age of 54, Riley moved once more to another employer, becoming General Manager of the Glasgow Iron and Steel Company, which had just laid out a new steelmaking plant at Wishaw, 25 km (15 miles) south-east of Glasgow, where it already had blast furnaces. Still the technical innovator, in 1900 Riley presented an account of his experiences in introducing molten blast-furnace metal as feed for the open-hearth steel furnaces. In the early 1890s it was largely through Riley's efforts that a West of Scotland Board of Conciliation and Arbitration for the Manufactured Steel Trade came into being; he was its first Chairman and then its President.In 1899 James Riley resigned from his Scottish employment to move back to his native Yorkshire, where he became his own master by acquiring the small Richmond Ironworks situated at Stockton-on-Tees. Although Riley's 1900 account to the Iron and Steel Institute was the last of the many of which he was author, he continued to contribute to the discussion of papers written by others.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, West of Scotland Iron and Steel Institute 1893–5. Vice-President, Iron and Steel Institute, 1893–1910. Iron and Steel Institute (London) Bessemer Gold Medal 1887.Bibliography1876, "On steel for shipbuilding as supplied to the Royal Navy", Transactions of the Institute of Naval Architects 17:135–55.1884, "On recent improvements in the method of manufacture of open-hearth steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 2:43–52 plus plates 27–31.1887, "Some investigations as to the effects of different methods of treatment of mild steel in the manufacture of plates", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:121–30 (plus sheets II and III and plates XI and XII).27 February 1888, "Improvements in basichearth steel making furnaces", British patent no. 2,896.27 February 1888, "Improvements in regenerative furnaces for steel-making and analogous operations", British patent no. 2,899.1889, "Alloys of nickel and steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:45–55.Further ReadingA.Slaven, 1986, "James Riley", in Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography 1860–1960, Volume 1: The Staple Industries (ed. A.Slaven and S. Checkland), Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 136–8."Men you know", The Bailie (Glasgow) 23 January 1884, series no. 588 (a brief biography, with portrait).J.C.Carr and W.Taplin, 1962, History of the British Steel Industry, Harvard University Press (contains an excellent summary of salient events).JKA
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